Nivolumab/Ipilimumab Efficacy Enriched by Increased In Situ and Immune Expression in Metastatic RCC

Findings from the phase 2 BIONIKK trial (NCT02960906) that were presented at the 2022 European Society for Medical Oncology Congressdemonstrated that the presence of more than 2 tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in addition to increased density of Ki-67 and PD-1 positivity was associated with increased response rates and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) with the combination of nivolumab (Opdivo) and ipilimumab (Yervoy) as frontline therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Several treatment cohorts were evaluated in the trial. Within 15 days of screening, patients were grouped into 1 of 4 molecular subsets. Patients in subsets 1 and 4 were randomly assigned to 3 mg/kg of intravenous (IV) nivolumab every 2 weeks or 3 mg/kg of IV nivolumab plus 1 mg/kg of IV ipilimumab every 3 weeks for 4 cycles followed by 240 mg of nivolumab every 2 weeks. Those in subsets 2 and 3 were randomly assigned to the combination or 50 of oral sunitinib for 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off, or 800 mg of oral pazopanib once daily.

With nivolumab alone (n = 38), patients with more than 2 TLSs achieved an objective response rate (ORR) of 73% (n = 8) vs 15% (n = 4) in those with fewer than 2 TLSs (chi-square P = .00195; HR for PFS, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.12-0.83; P = .015). With the combination (n = 76), 69% (n = 20) and 40% (n = 19) of patients experienced response with more than 2 and fewer than 2 TLSs, respectively (chi-square P = .0291; HR for PFS, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.44-1.46; P = .48).

“TLS >2 identify responders to nivolumab and nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and Ki-67- and PD-1–positive cell density identifies patients with longer PFS,” lead study author Maxime Meylan, PhD, research fellow at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, said. “Patients with TLS greater than 2 and high Ki-67 and PD-1 positivity have high response rates to nivolumab plus ipilimumab and longer PFS.”

BIONIKK is a hypothesis-generating, noncomparative, per-molecular group randomized phase 2 trial.

The trial enrolled patients at least 18 years of age with treatment-naïve, metastatic clear cell RCC with an ECOG performance status between 0 and 2 and frozen tumor tissue. Patients with active brain metastases were excluded from enrollment.

Treatment was continued until disease progression, death, or end of study.

A total of 160 samples underwent immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining to assess TLS, PD-1, and Ki-67 level.

The primary end point was investigator-assessed objective response per RECIST v1.1 criteria. Key secondary end points were PFS, overall survival, time to subsequent therapy, time to objective response, and duration of response.

Additional results showed that higher density of PD-L1– and Ki-67–positive cells was associated with improved ORR and PFS with nivolumab. The ORR was 40% (n = 6) with nivolumab in patients with high expression vs 26% (n = 5) in those with low expression (chi-square P = .633); with the combination, these rates were 56% (n = 25) and 45% (n = 14), respectively (chi-square P = .511).

However, the median PFS was not different between cohorts of high or low expression with nivolumab alone (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.32-1.65; P = .44). Only with the combination, did patients with high expression level outperform those with low expression (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28-0.88; P = .014).

Finally, the investigators showed that the presence of both high TLS and PD-1/Ki-67 positivity enhanced response rates and PFS for the combination. In this population, the ORR was 81% (n = 17) vs 40% (n = 21) in those without both markers (chi-square test P = .00319). Moreover, the PFS was favorable in the population with more than 2 TLSs and Ki-67 positivity vs those without (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.26-1.07; P = .074).

Notably, 95% of patients enriched with both markers (n = 20) who received treatment with the combination did not experience early progression within the first 6 months of therapy vs only 64% (n = 34) of those without both markers.

Meylan added that preliminary peripheral blood mononuclear cell analysis indicated that select circulating CD4 T-cell populations were also associated with response.

“Validation of these markers on immunotherapy and TKI/immunotherapy [combinations] is ongoing,” the study authors concluded.

Reference

Meylan M, Sun CM, Elaidi RT, et al. In-situ and circulating immune markers predict nivolumab +/- ipilimumab efficacy in frontline metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: key ancillary analyses from the BIONIKK randomized trial. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(suppl 7):1451MO. doi:10.1016/annonc/annonc1072