Bladder Cancer

Approximately 54,400 new cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were reported in the United States in 1999, with an estimated 12,500 deaths attributable to this cancer. Close to 75% of all bladder tumors are confined

The intravesical instillation of therapeutic agents for the treatment of localized bladder cancer began in 1903 when Herring[1] summarized his experience with silver nitrate. Since then, intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy have emerged as

BALTIMORE-Physicians should consider using intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy as adjuvant therapy following surgery for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, according to new treatment guidelines released by the American Urological Association (AUA). “The fact that the peer-reviewed published data show that the use of intravesical agents after surgery lowers the probability of recurrence but not progression is the most important finding that we made,” panel chair Joseph A. Smith, Jr., MD, of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, said in a news release.

CHICAGO-Despite recent excitement about therapy involving ifosfamide (Ifex) and other new chemotherapy drug combinations, MVAC-methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), and cisplatin-remains the standard of care for advanced bladder cancer, Derek Raghavan, MD, said at the Chicago Prostate Cancer Shootout III Plus Bladder Conference, sponsored by the Chicago Urological Society, Chicago Radiological Society, and Chicago Medical Society

Often overshadowed by more common genitourinary cancers, such as prostate, testicular, and kidney cancers, penile and urethral cancers nonetheless represent difficult treatment challenges for the clinician. The management of these cancers is slowly evolving. In the past, surgery, often extensive, was the treatment of choice. Recently, however, radiation and chemotherapy have begun to play larger roles as initial therapies, with surgery being reserved for salvage. With these modalities in their treatment armamentarium, oncologists may now be able to spare patients some of the physical and psychological sequelae that often follow surgical intervention without compromising local control and survival. Part 1 of this two-part article, published in last month’s issue, dealt with cancer of the penis. This second part focuses on cancer of the urethra in both females and males. [ONCOLOGY 13(11):1511-1520, 1999]

CHICAGO-Systemic chemotherapy would seem to be a reasonable option to reduce the number of deaths from metastatic transitional cell bladder carcinoma. To date, however, systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy has failed to show an effect on survival, and the jury is still out on the issue of chemotherapy following definitive therapy, said Derek Raghavan, MD, chief of medical oncology, University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center.

UFT, a compound containing uracil and tegafur (a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil) in a 4:1 molar ratio, has been used in Japan for the treatment of and as adjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer. In phase II studies, 300 to 600

Superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder comprises an extremely heterogeneous group of tumors, both in terms of morphology and, even more importantly, in terms of tumor biology and clinical behavior. Drs. deVere White and Stapp provide a succinct overview of the challenges encountered clinically because of tumor heterogeneity and the availability of different treatment options. The authors also outline the use of traditional prognostic factors (clinicopathologic characteristics) and the current state of development of biological markers that hold promise in providing significant clinically useful prognostic information.

Bladder cancer is the most common urologic malignancy and is expected to affect approximately 54,000 people in 1998. Superficial bladder tumors (Tis, Ta, and T1 lesions) account for approximately 70% to 80% of these

MIAMI--In terms of randomized trial results, the M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, Adriamycin, cisplatin) regimen should probably be considered the standard of treatment for metastatic bladder cancer, but the overall outlook with this regimen is not optimal, and newer treatments are needed.

WASHINGTON--Citing inadequate data to prove efficacy, ODAC (Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee) voted unanimously against recommending that the FDA approve the new drug application for Anthra Pharmaceuticals’ valrubicin (Valstar).

A two-drug combination regimen may provide a more tolerable therapy for patients suffering from advanced bladder cancer, many of whom are elderly.

A US multicenter study led by Dr. William J. Ellis of the University of Washington has found that the new, quantitative BTA TRAK Assay improves the detection of recurrent bladder cancer over cytology, the standard microscopic method. These results were reported in the December 1997 issue of Urology.

HAMBURG-Although BCG is extremely effective in high-risk bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ, many physicians hesitate to use it because of the intense inflammation and systemic side effects it produces. Moreover, no consensus has yet been reached about whether BCG is actually superior to chemotherapy.

Anthracycline antibiotic use is limited by cardiac toxicity. The risk factors are cumulative dose, radiation to the chest and mediastinum, age, and preexisting myocardial impairment. Dexrazoxane (Zinecard) can prevent

Radical cystectomy remains standard management for patients with locally advanced T2 through T4, N0, M0 transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

NEW ORLEANS--The enzyme telomerase is detectable in the majority of bladder washings from patients with bladder cancer, making it a reliable marker for cancer, according to several reports presented at the American Urolog-ical Association (AUA) annual meeting.

NEW ORLEANS--A large SWOG study presented at the American Urology Association (AUA) meeting confirms the efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as maintenance therapy for superficial bladder cancer, and a report from Italy shows its benefits as an adjuvant to surgery.

ROCKVILLE, Md--TICE BCG vaccine (Organon Teknika Corp.) has won the backing of the Food and Drug Administration's Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) as a prophylaxis against recurrent papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Superficial bladder cancer can be a frustrating disease for both the patient and physician. It has been referred to as a "nuisance disease" because of its propensity for recurrence, necessitating frequent cystoscopies and trips to the operating room for resection of recurrent disease. In addition, however, there looms for the patient and physician the 10% to 15% probability of disease progression, often requiring cystectomy to achieve local control and placing the patient at much greater risk for disease mortality. The challenge is to predict which patients will benefit from adjuvant therapy in order to avoid disease progression and, secondarily, disease recurrence.

Dr. Grossman's article provides a well-organized review of the literature on the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. At the time of diagnosis, approximately 80% of patients with bladder cancer have superficial tumors (limited to the urothelial lining of the bladder or the underlying lamina propria). In such patients, the risk of distant disease is low, and the natural history of bladder cancer is based on two separate, but related processes: tumor recurrence and progression to a higher stage of disease.

GAITHERSBURG, Md--Faced with significant differences between FDA staff and company-associated scientists in the analysis of data from two clinical studies, the FDA's Oncology Drugs Advisory Committee (ODAC) declined to vote either way on whether to recommend approval of Pharmacia & Upjohn's Remisar (bropirimine tablets) for the treatment of patients with BCG-refractory or BCG-intolerant urinary bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS).

ROCKVILLE, Md--In recent actions, the FDA approved two new diagnostic tests--for bladder cancer and colorectal cancer--and extended the indications for an antiandrogen agent in the treatment of prostate cancer.

REDMOND, Wash--The FDA has given premarket approval to a new tumor antigen test for detecting bladder cancer recurrence, and an FDA advisory panel has recommended approval of a second bladder cancer assay that measures nuclear matrix proteins.

The safety and efficacy of a new chemoradiation approach to treating bladder cancer, which is designed to effect a cure while

Very few people have the level of expertise Dr. Lamm does with the use of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. His enthusiasm is based on a large, solid experience with the vaccine. He has pushed the therapeutic effectiveness of BCG to new levels and has reviewed the world literature on the subject frequently and conscientiously. The current review covers most areas of interest in depth. A few key points deserve emphasis, however.

Dr. Lamm's review of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the treatment of carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder reflects one of the largest personal experiences of any investigator worldwide, and he should be congratulated for being one of those most responsible for the improved quality of life of many people due to the widespread use of BCG in bladder cancer. It is clear that BCG therapy allows a majority of patients with CIS to avoid cystectomy, and that it prevents progression to muscle involvement in many high-risk patients with papillary tumors.

Lamm describes a success story in oncology that he helped create, namely, the favorable therapeutic effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder. Virtually every study conducted over the past decade reports complete responses in 70% or more patients treated with BCG, which are often durable for years [1]. Such results have been documented empirically in prospective controlled trials without complete understanding of the mechanism of action of BCG or the optimal dose and treatment regimen. More importantly, not only may BCG eradicate CIS but also it may delay or prevent tumor progression and improve patient survival [2]. Conversely, patients failing to respond to an adequate trial of BCG therapy are at increased risk for disease progression and death from bladder cancer. We now realize that the natural history of CIS in the bladder has been significantly altered by intravesical BCG.

Prior to the advent of BCG immunotherapy, bladder carcinoma in situ often progressed to muscle invasion. Intravesical chemotherapy completely eradicates the disease in 50% of patients, but fewer than 20% remain disease free after 5 years. Complete responses have been reported in 70% or more of BCG treated patients, nearly two-thirds of which are durable.