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HOUSTON-The nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (Arimidex) continues to outperform tamoxifen in every efficacy measurement in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial, according to a recent 47-month update. Speaking for the ATAC Trialists’ Group, Aman U. Buzdar, MD, professor of medicine and deputy chairman of the Department of Breast Medical Oncology at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, reported that the absolute differences between the two drugs are increasing with time.

INDIANAPOLIS-Adding the antiangiogenesis agent bevacizumab (Avastin) to capecitabine (Xeloda) increases the objective response rate-but not progression-free survival-in women with advanced breast cancer, according to a phase III trial. This was the first randomized trial to report results with an antiangiogenic agent in patients with metastatic disease, according to lead investigator Kathy D. Miller, MD, assistant professor of medicine in the division of hematology/oncology at Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.

Infections are major causes of morbidityand mortality in patientswith cancer. In certain instances,the malignancy itself can predisposepatients to severe or recurrent infections.For example, acute leukemiamay cause neutropenia and ensuingbacterial or fungal infection. Hypogammaglobulinemiaof chroniclymphocytic leukemia may be complicatedby infections due to encapsulatedbacteria. Patients withHodgkin’s lymphoma may sufferfrom recurrent varicella-zoster infections.Solid tumors may obstruct thelumens of respiratory, digestive, andurinary tracts, leading to bacterial infections.Nevertheless, the principalrisk of infectious complications is relatedto the intensity and duration ofimmunosuppressive chemotherapy.Patients with cancer constitute ahighly varied population, both interms of the underlying malignancyand in terms of their immunosuppression.In addition, a single patientmay have multiple predisposing factors,thus increasing the spectrum oflikely pathogens. When evaluating apatient with cancer for a possible infection,it is essential to develop aconceptual framework of quantitativeand qualitative immune defectsthe patient is likely to have, and thento stratify the risk for specific pathogensin the context of the history,physical exam, and laboratorydata.[1]

Each year, 2.4 million patients in the United States develop healthcare–associated infections (HAIs), requiring treatment at an annualcost of approximately $4.5 billion. HAI is the primary cause of deathin approximately 30,000 patients and contributes to the death of 70,000annually. Oncology patients are more susceptible than other patientsto HAIs due to compromised immune systems, surgery (drains),invasive technology (catheters), and environmental factors. This paperwill review each of these risk factors and discuss preventive steps suchas a predictive index, antibiotic therapy, and infection control practices.

Drs. Guinan, McGuckin, andNowell have nicely reviewedthe risk factors associatedwith increased susceptibility to hospital-acquired infection in oncologypatients and also discussed preventivesteps to attenuate those risks.We agree that patients with malignanciespresent a challenge to thehealth-care provider, as infection willdevelop at some point in almost allcancer patients[1] and may be associatedwith significant mortality.[2]

HOUSTON-Inflammation is a common link between the toxicity of chemotherapy and cancer progression, and the possibility that anti-inflammatory treatments might help both is attracting more research attention. "Cancer is a nonhealing wound with persistent inflammation," Edward H. Lin, MD, said, quoting Harold Dvorak, MD, of Beth Israel Hospital in Boston. Dr. Lin is assistant professor of gastrointestinal medical oncology at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

CHICAGO-Black men with localized prostate cancer do just as well as white men when treated with brachy-therapy alone, William Barrett, MD, said at the 88th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA abstract 252RO-p).

MELVILLE, New York-ONI is pleased to announce the addition of two new members to its recently created Editorial Advisory Board for Oncology Nursing: Genevieve V. Foley, RN, MSN, OCN, CNAA, and Mary Pazdur, RN, MSN, ANP, AOCN. The two will work with Sharon Krumm, PhD, RN, Editor of Oncology Nursing, and current nursing board members Catherine Coleman, RN, OCN, and Mary McCabe, BSN, MA (see ONI January 2003, page 27).

BETHESDA, Maryland-Cell signaling pathways offer many potential targets for antitumor therapies, but hitting those targets is proving more difficult than researchers had anticipated, according to John J. Wright, MD, PhD. He is senior clinical investigator, Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.

PHILADELPHIA-Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar), fluorouracil (5-FU), and radiation showed a significant ability to downsize rectal adenocarcinomas and is being studied further in clinical trials, Edith P. Mitchell, MD, reported. Due to problems associated with the central venous access required for continuous infusion 5-FU, capecitabine (Xeloda) is being substituted for 5-FU in ongoing studies. Dr. Mitchell is clinical professor of medicine at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.

ROCHESTER, Minnesota-Summarizing cooperative group approaches to adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer, Charles Erlichman, MD, noted: "Treatment for stage II colon cancer remains controversial. Treatment for stage III colon cancer should be fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin. Treatment for stage III rectal cancer should be radiation plus fluorouracil/leucovorin. The results of three-drug regimens are pending, as are data on the role of COX-2 inhibitors and of targeted agents such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or tyrosine kinase inhibitors." Dr. Erlichman is professor of oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

PHILADELPHIA-Bevacizumab (Avastin), a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), was well tolerated in preliminary analyses of two Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) studies, according to Bruce J. Giantonio, MD, assistant professor of medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia.

NEW YORK-By tinkering with both dosage and scheduling, researchers are hoping to shift the balance of benefits over toxicity in patients treated with irinotecan/fluorouracil/leucovorin (IFL). Variations being tried include moving to a day 1, day 8 schedule every 21 days with day 15 as a rest day, and reducing starting doses for particular patient groups, David H. Ilson, MD, PhD, reported. Dr. Ilson is associate attending physician at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and assistant professor of medicine at Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York.

PHILADELPHIA-Chemotherapy patients whose hemoglobin (Hb) drops below 9 g/dL are typically treated with recombinant human erythropoietin, but those whose anemia is in the 10 to 12 g/dL range are typically not given hematopoietic support.

PHILADELPHIA-Early results of a phase II trial of sequential fludarabine (Fludara)/alemtuzumab (Campath) therapy in patients with high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are encouraging in that the monoclonal antibody appears to improve the rate of flu-darabine-induced responses, Dr. Kanti R. Rai said at the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology (abstract 772). This study is one of several Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) trials investigating the combination of fludarabine, an effective single-agent therapy for CLL, with various antineoplastic monoclonal antibody agents.

SAN ANTONIO-ILEX Oncology, Inc. has launched the first ILEX-sponsored study of Campath (alemtuzumab) in patients with CD52-antigen-positive relapsing or refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Campath is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the CD52 antige

PHILADELPHIA-A four-cycle regimen of simultaneous combined flu-darabine (Fludara) and alemtuzumab (Campath) (FLUCAM) was effective in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), according to a poster presentation at the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology (abstract 3169). [See page 42 for another ASH presentation on these two agents in CLL.]

NEW YORK-"Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea remains a serious clinical problem, but newer guidelines may improve the clinical outcome for this syndrome," Scott Wadler, MD, said. He is head of the solid tumor service at Cornell University’s Weill Medical College in New York.

PITTSBURGH-Attempts to conduct randomized comparative trials of preoperative vs postoperative therapy for rectal cancer have been largely unsuccessful in the United States. Many surgeons have already decided which approach they are committed to and will not randomize patients to the alternate approach, according to Roy E. Smith, MD. As director of medical affairs and oversight for the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Foundation in Pittsburgh, Dr. Smith has had experience in NSABP’s efforts to get comparative trials off the ground.

LEXINGTON, Kentucky-Inadequate surgical resection is emerging as a major cause of recurrence in rectal cancer, and most such recurrences could be prevented by use of sharp mesorectal excision (SME) rather than blunt dissection, according to Alfred M. Cohen, MD. Dr. Cohen, director of the Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, reviewed state-of-the-art rectal cancer surgery.

NEW HAVEN, Connecticut-Capecitabine (Xeloda) was developed as an oral tumor-activated alternative to fluorouracil (5-FU) and now appears set to replace that agent in some combination regimens for colorectal cancer according to Edward Chu, MD. Dr. Chu reported that phase II trials suggest that either capecitabine/oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) or capecitabine/irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar) might be effective replacements for 5-FU-based regimens. Dr. Chu is professor of medicine and pharmacology at Yale University School of Medicine and associate director of the Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut.

WASHINGTON-The 107th Congress, by general agreement, will not enter the history books as a major contributor to medical and health policy. However, legislation it failed to pass serves as a prologue to some of the issues the new 108th Congress will consider during the next 2 years, said Susan Erickson, acting director of the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Office of Policy Analysis and Response. "We will probably continue to see these themes, no matter what specific pieces of legislation come back," she said at a meeting of the National Cancer Advisory Board.

BOSTON-Oncologists should screen cancer patients and survivors routinely for fatigue and attempt to treat those who complain of exhaustion that rest does not relieve, according to two speakers at the 14th international meeting of the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) and International Association for Oral Oncology.

NANTES, France-Most ongoing European trials in colorectal cancer are either comparing bolus fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin to infusional 5-FU/leucovorin regimens or comparing infusional 5-FU/leucovorin to combinations with either irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar) or oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), according to Jean-Yves Douillard, MD, PhD. He is professor of medical oncology and head of the department of medical oncology at Centre Rene Gauducheau, University of Nantes, France.

PALM BEACH, Florida-What is the best method for administering fluorouracil (5-FU)? Should it be given as a continuous intravenous infusion, as often done in Europe? Or should 5-FU be administered as an intravenous bolus, as typically done by American physicians, at least partly to avoid the need for central venous access and pump devices.

NEW YORK-In phase I trials, AMGN-0007, a new compound to prevent bone metastasis, decreased bone resorption markers to the same extent as the bisphosphonate pamidronate (Aredia), Allan Lipton, MD, professor of medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, reported at the Chemotherapy Foundation Symposium XX.

SANTA MONICA, California-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) offers a number of sites for therapeutic targeting and is thought to play an important role in human cancers. Several angiogenesis inhibitors that work through effects on VEGF are under development, but one that failed in a phase III study may offer important insights for investigators developing this new area of anticancer therapy according to Lee S. Rosen, MD. Dr. Rosen, who was involved in research on the tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5416, is director of developmental therapeutics, Cancer Institute Medical Group, Santa Monica, California.

PORTLAND, Oregon-Median survival for patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with front-line regimens that include irinotecan (CPT-11,Camptosar) or oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) is approaching 3 years. "That is an absolutely remarkable figure to me," said Charles D. Blanke, MD, in a review of new approaches to colorectal cancer treatment. Dr. Blanke is director of the gastrointestinal malignancies program at the Oregon Health Sciences University Cancer Institute in Portland.

For several decades, the nutritional deterioration ofpatients diagnosed with cancer has been recognized,and attempts have been made to prevent orreverse it. However, with all the advancements intechnology and medicine, it is somewhat surprisingto find that little has altered in the approach or themanagement of cancer patients suffering from acompromised nutritional status or altered metabolismdue to either the treatment or the disease process.

As Dr. Raghavan has emphasizedin his excellent overviewof the current therapyfor testis cancer, it is critical that thesuccess of therapy for this diseasenot be compromised by a desire toavoid the complications of therapy.We would wholeheartedly agree withhis assertion that modifications intherapy must be introduced with athoughtful and structured approachto minimize the risk to efficacy.